Lyrics Containing Some if These Words to Be Free Again What Is This Song Title?

This article treats usage of the discussion nigger (now widely considered a racial slur) in reference to African Americans and others of African or mixed African and other ethnic origin in the fine art of Western civilization and the English language language.

Literature [edit]

The employ of nigger in older literature has become controversial considering of the word's modernistic meaning as a racist insult.

In the title [edit]

Our Nig: Sketches from the Life of a Free Blackness is an autobiographical novel by Harriet Eastward. Wilson, a free Negro herself. It was published in 1859^[i] and rediscovered in 1981 by literary scholar Henry Louis Gates Jr. It is believed to exist the commencement novel published by an African-American woman on the North American continent.^{[2] [3]}

In 1897, Joseph Conrad penned a novella titled The Nigger of the 'Narcissus', whose titular graphic symbol, James Wait, is a West Indian black sailor on board the merchant ship Narcissus sailing from Bombay to London. In the United States, the novel was showtime published with the title The Children of the Ocean: A Tale of the Forecastle, at the insistence by the publisher, Dodd, Mead and Company, that no one would buy or read a book with the word "nigger" in its title,^[iv] not because the word was deemed offensive just that a book about a black man would not sell.^[five] In 2009, WordBridge Publishing published a new edition titled The N-Word of the Narcissus, which likewise excised the give-and-take "nigger" from the text. Co-ordinate to the publisher, the bespeak was to go rid of the offensive give-and-take, which may have led readers to avoid the book, and make it more accessible.^{[half dozen]} Though praised in some quarters, many others denounced the modify every bit censorship.

The writer and photographer Carl Van Vechten took the opposite view to Conrad's publishers when he advised the British novelist Ronald Firbank to change the title of his 1924 novel Sorrow in Sunlight to Prancing Nigger for the American market,^[7] and it became very successful in that location under that championship.^[viii] Van Vechten, a white supporter of the Harlem Renaissance (1920s–30s), so used the word himself in his 1926 novel Nigger Heaven, which provoked controversy in the black community. Of the controversy, Langston Hughes wrote:

No volume could maybe exist every bit bad as Nigger Heaven has been painted. And no book has ever been better advertised by those who wished to damn it. Because it was declared obscene, everybody wanted to read it, and I'll venture to say that more Negroes bought information technology than ever purchased a book by a Negro writer. So, as now, the use of the word nigger by a white was a flashpoint for debates almost the human relationship betwixt black culture and its white patrons.

10 Footling Niggers was the original championship of Agatha Christie's 1939 detective novel in the Britain edition, named for a children'south counting-out game familiar in England at that engagement. The U.S. edition, however, was titled And So In that location Were None, using "Injuns" instead of "niggers" in the counting-out rhyme. Since the 1980s, the title has been changed to And Then In that location Were None for all English editions, and the rhyme has been inverse to "X lilliputian soldier boys".^{[ix] [10]}

Flannery O'Connor uses a blackness lawn jockey as a symbol in her 1955 brusque story "The Artificial Nigger". American comedian Dick Gregory used the give-and-take in the title of his 1964 autobiography, written during the American Civil Rights Movement. Gregory comments on his choice of championship in the book'southward primary dedication: "if e'er yous hear the word "nigger" once again, remember they are advertising my volume.^[11] Labi Siffre, the vocaliser-songwriter best known for "(Something Within) So Strong", entitled his offset volume of verse just Nigger (Xavier Books 1993). The use of nigger in older literature has become controversial because of the discussion's modern meaning as a racist insult.

Huckleberry Finn [edit]

Marker Twain's novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885) has long been the subject of controversy for its racial content. Huckleberry Finn was the fifth nearly challenged book during the 1990s, co-ordinate to the American Library Association.^[12] The novel is written from the betoken of view, and largely in the language, of Blueberry Finn, an uneducated white male child, who is drifting down the Mississippi River on a raft with an adult escaped slave, Jim. The discussion "nigger" is used (mostly nearly Jim) over 200 times.^{[13] [14]} Twain's advocates^{[ who? ]} note that the novel is composed in then-contemporary vernacular usage, not racist stereotype, because Jim, the black man, is a sympathetic graphic symbol.

In 2011, a new edition published by NewSouth Books replaced the word "nigger" with "slave" and too removed the give-and-take "injun". The alter was spearheaded past Twain scholar Alan Gribben in the hope of "countering the 'pre-emptive censorship'" that results from the book'southward being removed from schoolhouse curricula over language concerns.^{[fifteen] [16]} The changes sparked outrage from critics Elon James, Alexandra Petrie and Chris Meadows.^[17]

British literary usage [edit]

"How the Leopard Got His Spots"

Several belatedly-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century British literary usages propose neutral usage. The popular Victorian era entertainment, the Gilbert and Sullivan operetta The Mikado (1885), twice uses the word nigger. In the song As some day it may happen, the executioner, Ko-ko, sings of executing the "nigger serenader and the others of his race", referring to white singers with their faces blacked singing minstrel songs. In the song A more humane Mikado, the Mikado sings of the penalty for older women who dye their hair or wearable corsets, to be "Blacked like a nigger/With permanent walnut juice." Both lyrics are usually inverse for modernistic performances.^[18]

The discussion "nigger" appears in children'southward literature. "How the Leopard Got His Spots", in the Merely So Stories (1902) past Rudyard Kipling, tells of an Ethiopian man and a leopard, both originally sand-colored, deciding to cover-up themselves with painted spots, for hunting in tropical forest. The story originally included a scene wherein the leopard (now spotted) asks the Ethiopian homo why he does not want spots. In gimmicky editions of "How the Leopard Got His Spots", the Ethiopian's original reply ("Oh, plain blackness's best for a nigger") has been edited to, "Oh, plain black'due south all-time for me." The counting rhyme known every bit "Eenie Meenie Mainee, Mo" has been attested from 1820, with many variants; when Kipling included it every bit "A Counting-Out Song" in Land and Sea Tales for Scouts and Guides (1923), he gave every bit its second line, "Catch a nigger by the toe!" This version became widely used for much of the twentieth century; the rhyme is still in utilise, only the second line now uses "tiger" instead.

The discussion "nigger" is used by the child characters in some of the Swallows and Amazons series, written in the 1930s by Arthur Ransome, e.one thousand. in referring to how the (white) characters appear in photographic negatives ("Wait like niggers to me") in The Big Six, and as a synonym for blackness pearls in Peter Duck. Editions published by Puffin later on Ransome's expiry inverse the word to 'negroes'.

The first Jeeves novel, Thank you, Jeeves (1934), features a minstrel show every bit a significant plot indicate. Bertie Wooster, who is trying to acquire to play the banjo, is in admiration of their artistry and music. P. Grand. Wodehouse has the repeated phrase "nigger minstrels" only on the lips of Wooster and his peers; the manservant Jeeves uses the more genteel "Negroes".

In short story "The Basement Room" (1935), by Graham Greene, the (sympathetic) servant graphic symbol, Baines, tells the admiring boy, son of his employer, of his African British colony service, "You wouldn't believe it now, but I've had xl niggers under me, doing what I told them to". Replying to the boy'due south question: "Did you lot e'er shoot a nigger?" Bains answers: "I never had whatsoever call to shoot. Of form I carried a gun. But you didn't demand to treat them bad, that just made them stupid. Why, I loved some of those dammed niggers." The cinematic version, The Fallen Idol (1948), directed by Carol Reed, replaced this usage with "natives".^{[ citation needed ]}

In Paul Temple (1940) [Track xv] ^[19] by Francis Durbridge the phrase "he worked like a nigger" is used without whatever apparent farther context.

Virginia Woolf, in her 1941 posthumously-published novel Between the Acts, wrote "Downwardly amongst the bushes she worked like a nigger." The phrase is non dialogue from one of the characters, nor is it in the context of expressing a point of view of 1 of the characters.^[twenty] Woolf's usage of racist slurs has been examined in various academic writings.^[21]

The Reverend West. Five. Awdry's The Railway Series (1945–72) story Henry's Sneeze, originally described soot-covered boys with the phrase "as blackness as niggers".^[22] In 1972, subsequently complaints, the clarification was edited to "as blackness as soot", in the subsequent editions.^[22] Awdry is known for Thomas the Tank Engine (1946).

Music [edit]

The folk vocal "Oh! Susanna" past Stephen Foster had originally been written in iv verses. The second verse describes an industrial accident which "kill'd five hundred Nigger" by electrocution.

The 1932 British song "The Sun Has Got His Hat On" originally included the line "He's been tanning niggers out in Timbuktu" (where "He" is the sun). Modern recordings substitute other lines.

The Bohemian composer Antonín Dvořák wrote the String Quartet No. 12 in 1893 during his time in the United States. For its presumed association with African-American music, the quartet was referred to until the 1950s with nicknames such as "Negro Quartet" and "Nigger Quartet" before being chosen the "American Quartet".

The South African song "Ag Pleez Deddy" by Jeremy Taylor, released in 1962, includes in its chorus a mention of "Nigger balls", a type of gobstopper, as i of a serial of consumer products coveted by the young white South Africans who are the song's focus. The song was banned past the South African Broadcasting Corporation, but this was because its mixing of English and Afrikaans language was considered to violate the principles of apartheid.^[23] In the longer term, the mention of "Nigger balls" became more controversial: when Oxford University Press'due south A New Volume of Due south African Verse in English was published in 1979, the term "acrid-drops" was substituted;^{[23] [24]} and when later on singing the song in the The states, Taylor substituted "sugar balls".^[25]

In the 1960s, record producer J. D. "Jay" Miller published pro-racial segregation music, with the "Reb Rebel" label featuring racist songs past Johnny Rebel and others, demeaning blackness Americans and the Ceremonious Rights Motion.^[26] The country music artist David Allan Coe used the racial terms "redneck", "white trash", and "nigger" in the songs "If That Ain't Country, I'll Kiss Your Ass" and "Nigger Fucker".^{[ citation needed ]}

In 1972 John Lennon and Yoko Ono used the word in both the championship and in the chorus of their song "Adult female Is the Nigger of the World", which was released every bit both a unmarried and a rails on their album "Sometime in New York City."^[27]

Mick Jagger used the word in The Rolling Stones' song "Sweet Black Angel" from the 1972 album Exile on Principal St.

On Bob Marley and the Wailers' 1973 vocal "Get Up, Stand up Upward", Marley can be heard singing the line, "Don't be a nigger in your neighborhood" during the outro.

Stevie Wonder used the word in the album version (but non the single version) of his 1973 song "Living for the Metropolis."

In 1975 Betty Davis used the word in her vocal "F.U.N.Thousand."; Bob Dylan used the word in his song "Hurricane".^[28]

In 1978 Patti Smith used the word prominently in her vocal "Rock Northward Roll Nigger".

The punk band the Dead Kennedys used the word in their 1980 song "Vacation in Cambodia" in the line, "Bragging that you know how the niggers feel cold and the slum'south got so much soul". The context is a section mocking champagne socialists. Rap groups such as Due north.W.A (Niggaz with Attitudes) re-popularized the usage in their songs. Ane of the earliest uses of the word in hip hop was in the vocal "New York New York" by Grandmaster Flash and the Furious V in 1983. Responding to accusations of racism after referring to "niggers" in the lyrics of the 1988 Guns N' Roses song, "I in a Meg", Axl Rose stated: "I was pissed off nearly some black people that were trying to rob me. I wanted to insult those particular black people. I didn't want to support racism."^[29]

While not directly used in the lyrics, the American metal ring Eyehategod released a song titled "White Nigger" in 1993.^[30]

The term white nigger is also used in music, including in Elvis Costello's 1979 song "Oliver's Army".

Since the 2010s the word nigger has been used with increasing frequency^[31] past African Americans amongst themselves or in cocky-expression, the most common swear give-and-take in hip hop music lyrics.^[32] As a upshot, it is a word that is heard daily by millions of all races worldwide who listen to uncensored hip hop and other music genres, while beingness socially unacceptable for anyone simply African Americans to utter. Ta-Nehisi Coates has suggested that it continues to be unacceptable for people who are non of African ancestry to utter the discussion nigger while singing or rapping along to hip-hop, and that by beingness then restrained it gives White Americans (specifically) a taste of what it'southward like to not be entitled to "practice anything they please, anywhere". Counterpoint to this standpoint is the open question of whether daily, frequent exposure by non-Black Americans to African Americans using the word will inevitably lead to a dilution of the extremely negative perception of the word amid the bulk of non-Blackness Americans that currently consider its use unacceptable and shocking.^[33]

Sardonic grindcore band Anal Cunt released a song titled "Chirapsia Up Niggers that Sell Fake Crack", which also contains references to the word "nigger" in the lyrics. The song appeared role of the band'due south final album Wearing Out Our Welcome, released shortly after the death of the ring's frontman Seth Putnam.^[34]

In 1992, the Swedish crossover ring Clawfinger had a striking unmarried with the title Nigger. The lyrics criticized the cocky-derogatory nature of that word'due south usage by black people. The controversial song also appeared on their first album Deaf Impaired Blind, in 1992 and on their demos from 1990.

Theater [edit]

The musical Show Boat, which subverts anti-miscegenation laws, from 1927 until 1946 features the discussion "nigger" as originally integral to the lyrics of "Ol' Man River" and "Cotton Blossom"; although deleted from the movie theatre versions, information technology is included in the 1988 EMI recording of the original score. Musical theatre historian Miles Kreuger and conductor John McGlinn propose that the word was not an insult, but a edgeless illustration of how white people then perceived blackness people.

Bernardine Evaristo used the word as the title her start play as a student, which the then caput of Rose Bruford Higher said "was the best piece of theatre he'd ever seen". She went on to plant the Theatre of Blackness Women and in 2020 became President of her alm mater. Evaristo recalled her student product on Desert Island Discs decades later:

Information technology was really brusque and it was basically an explosion of rage. It was called the N word. And I jumped onto the stage and I shouted that word out really loudly. And then I say something like 'Besides black, not black enough, too white, not white enough' and so another things and then spring off the stage. So it was really curt. And it was probably very powerful. He probably hadn't seen anything like it before. It really was a very vicious word then. And I was basically saying, this is how I'yard seen. This is what I might be called. But where do I stand because I'yard a mixed race person. Not a very sophisticated piece of theatre, merely punchy.^[35]

The Moore'due south Ford lynchings, likewise known as the 1946 Georgia lynching, has been commemorated since 2005 with a yearly re-enactment. According to a volunteer player playing one of the victims, this living memorial "consist[s] largely of older white men calling him "nigger," tying a noose effectually his neck, and pretending to shoot him repeatedly"^[36]

Cinema [edit]

One of Horace Ové's first films was Baldwin's Nigger (1968), in which two African Americans, novelist James Baldwin and comedian Dick Gregory, discuss Blackness feel and identity in Britain and the United States.^[37] Filmed at the Westward Indian Students' Centre in London, the film documents a lecture by Baldwin and a question-and-answer session with the audition.^{[38] [39]}

Mel Brooks' 1974 satirical Western film Blazing Saddles used the term repeatedly. In The Kentucky Fried Movie (1977), the sequence titled "Danger Seekers" features a stuntman performing the dangerous act of shouting "Niggers!" at a group of black people, so fleeing when they take chase.

Stanley Kubrick's critically acclaimed 1987 war picture show Full Metal Jacket depicts black and white U.Due south. Marines indelible kick camp and later fighting together in Vietnam. "Nigger" is used past soldiers of both races in jokes and equally expressions of bravado ("put a nigger behind the trigger", says the black Corporal "Eightball"), with racial differences amid the men seen every bit secondary to their shared exposure to the dangers of gainsay: Gunnery Sergeant Hartman (R. Lee Ermey) says, "There is no racial bigotry here. I do not look downwardly on niggers, kikes, wops or greasers. Hither you are all equally worthless."

Gayniggers from Outer Space, a 1992 English-language Danish short blaxploitation parody, features blackness homosexual male aliens who commit gendercide to free the men of World from female person oppression. Die Hard with a Vengeance (1995) featured a scene where villain Simon Gruber (Jeremy Irons) required New York City Police Department Lt. John McClane (Bruce Willis) to article of clothing a sandwich board reading "I hate niggers" while standing on a street corner in predominantly-black Harlem, resulting in McClane coming together Zeus Carver (Samuel L. Jackson) as Carver rescued McClane from beingness attacked by neighborhood toughs.

American filmmaker Quentin Tarantino has been criticized^[twoscore] for the heavy usage of the word nigger in his films, especially Jackie Brown (1997), where the word is used 38 times^[41] and Django Unchained (2012), used 110 times.^[42]

The Dam Busters [edit]

During World War II, a canis familiaris named Nigger, a blackness Labrador belonged to Imperial Air Forcefulness Wing Commander Guy Gibson.^[43] In 1943, Gibson led the successful Operation Chastise attack on dams in Nazi Germany. The dog's name was used equally a single codeword whose transmission conveyed that the Möhne dam had been breached. In Michael Anderson's 1955 moving-picture show The Dam Busters, based on the raid, the domestic dog was portrayed in several scenes; his name and the codeword were mentioned several times. Some of these scenes were sampled in Alan Parker'south 1982 film Pink Floyd – The Wall.^[44]

In 1999, British television network ITV broadcast a censored version with each of the twelve^[45] utterances of Nigger deleted. Replying to complaints confronting its censorship, ITV blamed the regional broadcaster, London Weekend Television, which, in turn, blamed a junior employee as the unauthorised censor. In June 2001, when ITV re-circulate the censored version of The Dam Busters, Index on Censorship criticised it as "unnecessary and ridiculous" censorship breaking the continuity of the motion picture and the story.^[46] In January 2012, the film was shown uncensored on ITV4, but with a warning at the first that the film contained racial terms from the historical flow which some people could notice offensive. Versions edited for US television have the dog's proper name altered to "Trigger".^[45]

In 2008, New Zealand filmmaker Peter Jackson announced that he was spearheading a remake. Screenwriter Stephen Fry said there was "no question in America that y'all could ever have a canis familiaris called the N-discussion". In the unrealized remake, the domestic dog was to be renamed "Digger".^[47]

Stand up-upwards comedy [edit]

Some comedians have broached the subject, often in the class of social commentary.^{[ citation needed ]} This was possibly almost famously washed^{[ when? ]} by stand-up comedian Chris Rock in his "Niggas vs. Black People" routine.^[48] Richard Pryor used the word extensively before pledging to remove it from his lexicon, having had a alter of eye during a trip to Africa.^{[ citation needed ] [49] [50]}

References [edit]

1. ^ Wilson, Harriet E. (2004) [1859]. Our Nig: Sketches From The Life Of A Free Black. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1-4000-3120-6. Retrieved February fifteen, 2008.
2. ^ Interview with Henry Louis Gates (mp3) Archived May 19, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Gates and a literary critic discuss Our Nig, Wired for Books
3. ^ Our Nig: Sketches from the Life of a Gratuitous Black, Geo. C. Rand and Avery, 1859.
4. ^ Orr, Leonard (1999). A Joseph Conrad Companion. Greenwood Press. ISBN978-0-313-29289-7.
5. ^ "Children of the Ocean|The – Sumner & Stillman". Sumnerandstillman.com. December 1, 2006. Archived from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2012.
6. ^ Joseph Conrad (December 2009). The Northward-word of the Narcissus. Foreword by Ruben Alvarado. WorldBridge. ISBN9789076660110.
7. ^ Bernard, Emily (2012). Carl Van Vechten and the Harlem Renaissance . Yale University Press. p. 79. ISBN9780300183290.
8. ^ Jocelyn Brooke. "Novels of Ronald Firbank past Jocelyn Brooke". ourcivilisation.com.
9. ^
10. ^ Pendergast, Bruce (2004). Lowest's Guide To The Mysteries Of Agatha Christie. Victoria, BC: Trafford Publishing. p. 393. ISBN978-1-4120-2304-7.
11. ^ "Dick Gregory Global Lookout man - Virtually Dick Gregory". Dickgregory.com. 1932-10-12. Archived from the original on 2007-06-17. Retrieved 2013-x-08 .
12. ^ "100 most oft challenged books: 1990–1999". ala.org. March 27, 2013.
13. ^ "Adventures Of Blueberry Finn". The Complete Works of Mark Twain. Archived from the original on September ix, 2006. Retrieved March 12, 2006.
14. ^ "Academic Resources: Nigger: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Give-and-take". Random House. Archived from the original on January 22, 2007. Retrieved March 13, 2006. Alt URL
15. ^ "New Blueberry Finn edition censors 'n-word'". the Guardian. 5 Jan 2011.
16. ^ Twain, Mark (January vii, 2011). "'The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn' – Removing the N Word from Huck Finn: Top ten Censored Books". TIME. Archived from the original on January 10, 2011. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
17. ^ The Christian Science Monitor (Jan v, 2011). "The 'north'-word gone from Huck Finn – what would Mark Twain say?". The Christian Science Monitor.
18. ^ Michael Sragow (Dec 23, 1999). "The roar of the blackface, the odour of the crowd". Archived from the original on February 14, 2005. Retrieved March 13, 2006.
19. ^ Paul Temple: The Complete Radio Drove: Volume One.
20. ^ Woolf, Virginia (1949). Between the Acts. Rome: Boundness. p. 175.
21. ^ Lee, Hermione: "Virginia Woolf and Offence," in The Art of Literary Biography, Oxford Scholarship Online: October 2011; reviewed past McManus, Patricia: "The "Offensiveness" of Virginia Woolf: From a Moral to a Political Reading" in Woolf Studies Almanac, vol. xiv, Annual 2008.
22. ^ ^{a b} Sibley, Brian (1995). The Thomas the Tank Engine Human being. London: Heinemann. pp. 272–5. ISBN978-0-434-96909-8.
23. ^ ^{a b} "Ag pleez Deddy won't you accept us to the Equality Court". Sunday Times. xviii October 2009.
24. ^ Butler, Guy; Mann, Chris, eds. (1979). A New Book of South African Poetry in English language . Greatcoat Boondocks: Oxford University Press. pp. 222–223. ISBN978-0-19-570141-8.
25. ^ Taylor, Jeremy (2005). "Ag Pleez Deddy". River Wood, Illinois. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved thirteen June 2020 – via YouTube.
26. ^ John Broven, South to Louisiana: The Music of the Cajun Bayous. Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican, 1983, p. 252f.
27. ^ Duston, Anne. "Lennon, Ono 45 Controversial" Billboard June 17, 1972: 65
28. ^ Listen to the lyric video of the song on YouTube
29. ^ MNeely, Kim (April two, 1992). "Axl Rose: The RS Interview". Rolling Rock. Retrieved Dec 20, 2007.
30. ^ Jimmy Bower guitarist of Eyehategod interview
31. ^ Sheinin, Dave (Nov nine, 2014). "Redefining the Word". Washington Mail . Retrieved May 24, 2019.
32. ^ "Profanity in lyrics: virtually used swear words and their usage by popular genres". Musixmatch. December 16, 2015. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
33. ^ Bain, Marc (November 13, 2017). "Ta-Nehisi Coates Gently Explains Why White People Can't Rap the N-Word". Quartz . Retrieved May 24, 2019.
34. ^ "Beating Up Niggers That Sell Fake Cleft". allmusic.com.
35. ^ "BBC Radio iv - Desert Island Discs - x things we learned from Bernardine Evaristo's Desert Isle Discs".
36. ^ Baker, Peter C. (November 2, 2016). "A lynching in Georgia: the living memorial to America'south history of racist violence". The Guardian . Retrieved February 26, 2020.
37. ^ Horace Ové biography, BFI Screenonline.
38. ^ "Baldwin's Nigger (1968)" at IMDb.
39. ^ "Baldwin'south Nigger (1969)", BFI Screenonline.
40. ^ Kid, Ben (October 13, 2005). "Quentin Tarantino tells 'black critics' his race is irrelevant". The Guardian.
41. ^ "Review Django Unchained- Spaghetti southern style". The Boston Phoenix . Retrieved December 27, 2012.
42. ^ "Django Unchained – Audio Review". Spill.com . Retrieved December 27, 2012.
43. ^ "Warbird Photograph Album – Avro Lancaster Mk.I". Ww2aircraft.cyberspace. March 25, 2006. Retrieved Jan 23, 2011.
44. ^ "Analysis of the symbols used within the film, "Pink Floyd's The Wall"". Thewallanalysis.com . Retrieved January 23, 2011.
45. ^ ^{a b} Chapman, Paul (May 6, 2009). "Fur flies over racist proper noun of Dambuster's domestic dog". The Daily Telegraph. London.
46. ^ ITV attacked over Dam Busters censorship, The Guardian, June 11, 2001
47. ^ "Dam Busters dog renamed for pic remake". BBC News. June 10, 2011.
48. ^ Julious, Britt (June 24, 2015). "The North-word might exist part of pop culture, merely it still makes me cringe". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved July 3, 2019.
49. ^ Danahy, Anne (Apr 19, 2019). "Have Note: Elizabeth Pryor On The 'N-Give-and-take'". radio.wpsu.org . Retrieved July iii, 2019.
50. ^ Logan, Brian (January eleven, 2015). "Richard Pryor – the patron saint of standup as truth-telling". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved July 3, 2019.

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